XLSTAT: Cohen’s Kappa in Excel

This tutorial shows how to compute and interpret Cohen’s Kappa to measure the agreement between two assessors, in Excel using XLSTAT.

Dataset for Example

Two doctors separately evaluated the presence or the absence of a disease in 62 patients. As shown below, the results were gathered in a crosstab or contingency table, crossing two qualitative variables (doctor 1: healthy or diseased; doctor 2: healthy or diseased). 34 patients were diagnosed as healthy by both doctors; 4 were diagnosed as diseased by doctor 1 and healthy by doctor 2, and so on.

  

Data are fictitious and were created for this tutorial.

Goal of this tutorial

The goal of this tutorial is to measure the agreement between the two doctors on the diagnosis of a disease. This is also called inter-rater reliability. To measure agreement, one could simply compute the percent cases for which both doctors agree (cases in the contingency table’s diagonal), that is (34 + 21)*100 / 62 = 89%. This statistic has an important weakness. It does not account for agreement randomly occurring. In contrast, Cohen’s Kappa measures agreement while removing the effects due to randomness, thus ensuring a good reproducibility.

Setting Up

• Open XLSTAT.
• Click on the  Correlation/Association tests menu and select the Tests on contingency tables feature:

 

• Once you have clicked on the button, the dialog box appears.

In the General tab:

• Activate the Contingency Table option.
• Select your data in the Contingency Table field.

 

In the Outputs tab:

• Make sure you activate the Association Coefficients option.

• Click on the OK button to launch the computations.
• The results are displayed on a new Excel sheet.

Interpreting the Results

After you have clicked on the OK button, the results including several association coefficients appear:

 

Similarly to Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Cohen’s Kappa varies between -1 and +1 with: - -1 reflecting total disagreement

• +1 reflecting total agreement
• 0 reflecting total randomness

Good agreement thresholds change from one field or question to another. However, Landis and Koch (1977) have established the scale below to describe agreement quality according to Kappa values: < 0: no agreement 0 - 0.2: small 0.2 - 0.4: fair agreement 0.4 - 0.6: moderate 0.6 - 0.8: substantial 0.8 – 1: almost perfect In our case, Cohen’s Kappa value is 0.76 which indicates a substantial agreement according to the above scale.

Going further: Gage R&R for attributes

The  Gage R&R (Reproducibility & Repeatability) analysis for attributes uses Cohen’s Kappa to measure notably how much assessors are in agreement with themselves.